Cretaceous Nonmarine Trace Fossils from the Hasandong and Jinju Formations of the Namhae Area, Kyongsangnamdo, Southeast Korea

Nonmarine strata of the Cretaceous Hasandong and Jinju formations of the Sindong Group of the Namhae area, Kyongsangnamdo, southeast Korea, contain relatively diverse and abundant ichnofaunas including domichnia, fodinichnia, pascichnia, and repichnia. These ichnofaunas are systematically described herein and three ichnocoenoses, namely the Skolithos, Palaeophycus, and Chondrites ichnocoenoses, are defined based on their paleoenvironmental occurrence. The Skolithos ichnocoenose characterizes tabular laminated sandstone facies deposited on fluvial channel levées. It is dominated by infaunally produced ichnotaxa, particularly Skolithos magnus Howell, Planolites montanus Richter and Chondrites isp. type A, with reduced numbers of Skolithos verticalis (Hall) Taenidium barretti (Bradshaw) and rare examples of Circulichnus montanus (Vyalov), Cochlichnus anguineus Hitchcock, Helminthopsis abeli Książkiewicz, Helimthopsis hieroglyphica Wetzel and Bromley, Laevicyclus isp., Planolites beverleyensis (Billings), Skolithos isp., Spirodesmos isp., Thalassinoides suevicus (Rieth), and rhizoliths. The Palaeophycus ichnocoenose characterizes floodplain environments and occurs in purple mudstones and associated massive sandstone facies of crevasse-splay deposits and dark gray to green shale facies of abandoned channels. Palaeophycus tubularis Hall and Planolites montanus Richter are the most characteristic ichnotaxa, while Beaconites coronus (Frey, Pemberton and Fagerstrom), Planolites annularius Walcott, Skolithos magnus Howell, Thalassinoides paradoxicus (Woodward), and sauropod and ornithopod tracks also occur but in reduced numbers. The Chondrites ichnocoenose occurs in dark gray to black mudstones deposited in marginal lacustrine environments. It is dominated by Chondrites isp. type B. with associated Beaconites antarcticus Vyalov, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica, Palaeophycus tubularis, Skolithos magnus, Taenidium barretti, and Torrowangea rosei Webby. The three ichnocoenoses recognized herein cannot be satisfactorily assigned to currently defined nonmarine ichnofacies, suggesting that existing models of such ichnofacies are in need of additional refinement.