A generalized model for the development of ichnocoenoses in flysch deposits

A systematic survey of intrastratal trace fossil distribution in flysch deposits shows that the ichnocoenoses form along two radically different modes:

1. Post‐turbidite ichnocoenoses begin with synchronous colonization. Further development of the tiered structure depends primarily on sediment composition, textural profile and oxygen levels. Different species respond to these factors according to their oxygen tolerances, penetration potentials and nutritional requirements.

2. Pre‐turbidite ichnocoenoses result from successional colonization, depending on the duration of background sedimentation. The depth of subsequent turbidite erosion determines which tier becomes preserved.