Ethology of Zoophycos producer: Arguments against the gardening model from ð13Corg evidences of the spreiten material

Recently proposed ethological explanations for the trace fossil Zoophycos include gardening of microorganisms. Because microorganisms are known to fractionate strongly against (superscript 13)C, especially under low oxic to anoxic conditions, it is argued that any gardening activity in the trace would result in a noticeable shift in δ^(13)C(subscript org) between spreiten and adjacent host sediment. In order to test this hypothesis, δ^(13)C(subscript org) of the Spreiten Material and directly adjacent host material was measured. Measured δ^(13)C(subscript org) in a glacial section of the core ranges from -22.6 to -22.9‰ for host sediment and between -22.8 and -23.2‰ for Zoophycos material. In an interglacial section the Zoophycos material measures -21.9‰, whereas the host material ranges from -21.2 to -21.4‰. The minimal difference between Zoophycos and host material suggests that gardening plays an insignificant role. The gardening hypothesis is therefore rejected in favor of a cache model, where food is squirreled away for poorer times.