Subaerial animal and plant bioerosion in castellated sandstone rocks (Pleistocene to Recent, Czech Republic)

Rate ofbioerosion in some subaerial settings may compete with that of marine bioerosion. Chief agents are plant root activity and microbe metabolism. However, locally, insects may mine sandstone to produce nesting galleries, while tree trunks, moving in storms, may abrade distinctive and long-lasting grooves in the rock. Examples are described from the Quaternary of the Czech Republic.